Can current flow through broken wires? Yes, it can, for example, in a linear antenna. In the case of electrical antenna like a dipole or monopole, the current stops at the ends of radiators but its energy converts into the energy of the electromagnetic field. It means that the energy path is not interrupted. Now we can imagine a grounding or zeroing as a set of very short monopoles. It is known that monopole which height h is much less than a quarter of wavelength has radiation resistance close to zero.
Recall that the wavelength at a frequency of 50 Hz is kilometers. This resistance tends to zero as h compared to the quarter of wavelength decreases. Radiation resistance decrease leads to radiating power decrease. So, we can say that monopole with 5 - 10 m high at frequencies 50 or 60 Hz has zero resistance and zero radiation field density. Note that a monopole with height much less than the quarter of wavelength has a capacitive component.
However, parallel connection of monopoles results in capacitive resistance decrease. In other words, perhaps grounding is a system consisting of a considerable quantity of monopoles, with length much smaller than quarter of a wavelength. In SWER system, the energy is transmitted by one wire. The second source terminal and the second load terminal are connected to the ground. This unbalanced line can transmit all the energy from source Tx to load Rx. But there is one problem.
Potentials of grounding in the Tx and Rx are the same zero. However, potentials in active terminals of transmitter and in receiver are different due to a signal delay. So, Tx and Rx signals have a different potential difference. It shall be noted, that in the balanced circuit with active load, the potential difference on receiver input does not depend on signal delay, as potentials at the ends of both wires change equally by a delay. This situation can be likened to the problems similar to reactive load influence.
In the case of a reactive load, there is a reactive energy, namely, the source must produce active and reactive energy. And in the case of long lines, this system loses a large amount of energy. It is possible to compensate reactive power, but this compensation is expensive in the case of variable loads.
In contrast to the SWER system, the proposed one-wire system [3] is a balanced system. In it, the potential difference on the load does not depend on the line length and is always equal to degrees. Now the dominant electric energy transmission system is the three-phase system proposed by the Russian scientist Dolivo-Dobrovolsky. The important advantage of this system is that a generator and an electric motor are effectively built, because in these devices, three windings are located on one rotor.
But today it is already clear to many specialists, that this system has more disadvantages than advantages. Here are these disadvantages:. As in SWER, this phenomenon is equivalent to the presence of reactive resistance in the load and, consequently, the appearance of reactive power.
It is shown in [1] that reactive power value in three phase system noticeably increases if cables have linear capacitances and linear inductances. That is why there are intermediate stations sometimes every about 30 km. One-wire system allows transmitting the energy from three phase source by one wire.
In this case in one wire one can use the one of three wires of equivalent three phase system [1]. For transmitting three phase signals by one wire signal it is possible using special converter [4].
In [5] universal balanced one wire system is proposed. All loads receive signals with phase difference or degrees. And this is independent of the line distance. An output single wire is divided by number of loads. Each load receives a signal with its own parameters.
For this purpose, set of converters have been proposed, so that C and C in transmitter converts to C and C in receiver. It is well known that the main part of power electrical system cost is wires.
In [1] it is shown also that for one wire system can use one of the wires which are used in three phase system. A calculation shows that one wire system can be three time cheaper than three phase system. Figure 1. Nowadays there is a problem associated with the need for fast charging of electrically driven vehicles. The time of charging depends on voltage in a charging device. The higher is the voltage, the shorter is the charging time. In residential areas the voltage is volts, and with this voltage the time of charging is approximately 8 hours.
This is generally acceptable in living areas or in employment areas. However, there are situations when it is necessary to provide a fast charging, for example on highways or other places where a vehicle battery discharged. It is very expensive to erect high poles with high voltages wires along highways, and in many cases is just impossible.
It is actually impossible to transmit a three-phase signal underground. It would be necessary to build underground tunnels, since a great distance must be provided between the wires.
This system includes a converter for converting a three-phase electric current into an electric signal which can be transmitted through a single electric wire underground.
The converting means include also a converter for converting the signal received from the single electric current transmission line into a three-phase electric current, one-phase current and DC. As a result, one of the most urgent tasks that does not yet have a solution can be completed: we mean a small-sized broadband antenna operating at all frequencies of its field.
It is very well known that modern communication technology requires an antenna with such properties. Until now, small-sized broadband antennas work only at certain frequencies. This problem can be solved as follows: we take an unbalanced antenna. One end of the source goes to the emitter, the other to the nullifier.
The size of the antenna depends on the lowest part. So, if we count 3 seconds, the lightning struck metres away. There are actually fish species—certain types of rays, eels and catfish—which have special organs that emit electrical discharges.
Electric eels Electrophorus electricus , which live in South American rivers, produce enough electricity to power a dozen watt lightbulbs. The sun's activity intensifies every 11 years, creating storms on the surface of our star which, in turn, disrupt the Earth's magnetic field.
These magnetic storms have the potential to cause serious problems for power transmission systems. Solar cycles are a relatively unknown and complex phenomenon. However, scientists have observed that the number of sunspots appearing on the sun's surface reaches its maximum every 11 years. These dark spots have been under observation for nearly years, since the invention of the telescope, and are the source of solar flares in which huge amounts of energy are suddenly released. The strongest are as powerful as 40 billion atomic bombs!
This energy heats the surrounding gases, ejecting huge bubbles of ultrahot matter from the Sun. These masses of protons and electrons, known as plasma plumes, can eventually hit the Earth. Even at that, it will take a few days for this solar wind to travel the million kilometres separating the Sun and the Earth.
We already know that photons reach the Earth in eight minutes. Charged particles move more slowly and take two to five days to reach us. Luckily, the magnetic field diverts most of them. Those that do penetrate into the atmosphere generate powerful electric currents that move and vary in intensity.
These electric currents can travel at an altitude of about one hundred kilometres the ionosphere for a few minutes, a few hours and even a few days. The result is the beautiful phenomenon we know as the Northern lights or Aurora Borealis in the Northern hemisphere and the Southern lights or Aurora Australis in the Southern hemisphere.
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